{"id":49,"date":"2026-04-04T04:53:09","date_gmt":"2026-04-04T08:53:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/essaywriting\/back-matter\/appendix-2-transitional-words-and-phrases\/"},"modified":"2026-05-15T21:26:09","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T01:26:09","slug":"appendix-2-transitional-words-and-phrases","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/academicwriting_1\/back-matter\/appendix-2-transitional-words-and-phrases\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix 2: Transitional Words and Phrases","rendered":"Appendix 2: Transitional Words and Phrases"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

The words and phrases in this table can be used to connect ideas in academic writing.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Function<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Logical Connectors<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Subordinating Conjunctions<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Coordinating Conjunctions*<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

To<\/strong> add<\/strong> more<\/strong> information<\/strong> or another example<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

moreover in addition besides<\/p>\r\n

furthermore also<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

and<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

To<\/strong> show<\/strong> contrast<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

however in contrast<\/p>\r\n

nevertheless nonetheless<\/p>\r\n

on the other hand<\/p>\r\n

on the contrary<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

although even though though while<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

but<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

To<\/strong> show<\/strong> similarity<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

likewise similarly<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

and<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

To<\/strong> give<\/strong> a <\/strong>result<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

therefore thus hence<\/p>\r\n

consequently as a result<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

so<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

To<\/strong> show<\/strong> a<\/strong> sequence<\/strong> of<\/strong> events<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

first (second, third)<\/p>\r\n

next then after that<\/p>\r\n

finally<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

after before<\/p>\r\n

as soon as when<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

To<\/strong> show<\/strong> a<\/strong> reason<\/strong> or<\/strong> cause<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

for this reason<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

because since<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

for<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

To<\/strong> restate<\/strong> an<\/strong> idea<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

in other words in short<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

To<\/strong> strengthen<\/strong> an<\/strong> idea<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

indeed in fact<\/p>\r\n

as a matter of fact<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

*Note<\/em>:<\/strong> In academic writing, coordinating conjunctions are generally not used to begin a sentence. Therefore, logical connectors and subordinating conjunctions should be used instead.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Punctuation Notes:<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

For<\/strong> logical<\/strong> connectors<\/strong>: use a semicolon (;) or a period before and a comma after.<\/p>\r\n

There<\/em> may<\/em> be<\/em> a<\/em> shortage<\/em> of<\/em> the<\/em> rare<\/em> earth<\/em> metal<\/em> indium<\/em> in<\/em> the<\/em> future;<\/em> however<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em> scientists<\/em> believe<\/em> that a replacement will be found.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

There<\/em> may<\/em> be<\/em> a<\/em> shortage<\/em> of<\/em> the<\/em> rare<\/em> earth<\/em> metal<\/em> indium<\/em> in<\/em> the<\/em> future.<\/em> However<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em> scientists<\/em> believe<\/em> that a replacement will be found.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

For<\/strong> subordinating<\/strong> conjunctions<\/strong>: if the sentence begins with one, use a comma after the subordinating clause. Otherwise, no punctuation is needed.<\/p>\r\n

Sending<\/em> astronauts<\/em> to<\/em> Mars<\/em> may<\/em> not<\/em> be<\/em> possible<\/em> because<\/em><\/strong> of<\/em> the<\/em> high<\/em> cost<\/em> and<\/em> technical<\/em> challenges.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

Because<\/em><\/strong> of<\/em> the<\/em> high<\/em> cost<\/em> and<\/em> technical<\/em> challenges,<\/em> it<\/em> may<\/em> not<\/em> be<\/em> possible<\/em> to<\/em> send<\/em> astronauts<\/em> to<\/em> Mars.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

For<\/strong> coordinating<\/strong> conjunctions<\/strong>: use a comma before the conjunction.<\/p>\r\n

Tokyo<\/em> was<\/em> awarded<\/em> the<\/em> 2020<\/em> Summer<\/em> Olympic<\/em> Games,<\/em> but<\/em><\/strong> the<\/em> event<\/em> was<\/em> postponed<\/em> to<\/em> 2021<\/em> due<\/em> to<\/em> the pandemic.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Vocabulary Building:<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Throughout this course, you study academic vocabulary from the Kyodai 1110 Database<\/em>. To build your vocabulary, examine how words from the Kyodai list are used in the model essays. Try to use words from the academic vocabulary list as you write essays.<\/p>\r\n

Stories and the Brain<\/strong> (Chapter 5): 18 words <\/strong>from the Kyodai 1110\u00a0 <\/em>list are used in the model essay<\/p>\r\n

crucial (146), culture (36), specify (136), efficacy (259), convey (397), resonance (370), significant (6), phenomenon (42), occur(ence) (173), synchrony (373), disruption (314), correspond (24), demonstrate (19), trigger (143), synthesis (182), reciprocity (438), subsequently (166), tolerance (341)<\/p>\r\n

Single-Use Plastic<\/strong> (Chapter 9):<\/a> 16<\/strong> words<\/strong> from the Kyodai<\/em> 1110<\/em> list are used in the model essay<\/p>\r\n

distribution (10), reliable (255), expose (120), furthermore (65), quantity (210), prominent (212), fragment (177), definition (29), potential (12), mitigate (450), significant (6), broaden (91), commitment (176), resolution (84), efficacy (259), analytical (209)<\/p>\r\n

<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

\n

The words and phrases in this table can be used to connect ideas in academic writing.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Function<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Logical Connectors<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Subordinating Conjunctions<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coordinating Conjunctions*<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

To<\/strong> add<\/strong> more<\/strong> information<\/strong> or another example<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

moreover in addition besides<\/p>\n

furthermore also<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\n

and<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

To<\/strong> show<\/strong> contrast<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

however in contrast<\/p>\n

nevertheless nonetheless<\/p>\n

on the other hand<\/p>\n

on the contrary<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

although even though though while<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

but<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

To<\/strong> show<\/strong> similarity<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

likewise similarly<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\n

and<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

To<\/strong> give<\/strong> a <\/strong>result<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

therefore thus hence<\/p>\n

consequently as a result<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\n

so<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

To<\/strong> show<\/strong> a<\/strong> sequence<\/strong> of<\/strong> events<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

first (second, third)<\/p>\n

next then after that<\/p>\n

finally<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

after before<\/p>\n

as soon as when<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

To<\/strong> show<\/strong> a<\/strong> reason<\/strong> or<\/strong> cause<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

for this reason<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

because since<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

for<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

To<\/strong> restate<\/strong> an<\/strong> idea<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

in other words in short<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

To<\/strong> strengthen<\/strong> an<\/strong> idea<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

indeed in fact<\/p>\n

as a matter of fact<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

*Note<\/em>:<\/strong> In academic writing, coordinating conjunctions are generally not used to begin a sentence. Therefore, logical connectors and subordinating conjunctions should be used instead.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Punctuation Notes:<\/span><\/h2>\n

For<\/strong> logical<\/strong> connectors<\/strong>: use a semicolon (;) or a period before and a comma after.<\/p>\n

There<\/em> may<\/em> be<\/em> a<\/em> shortage<\/em> of<\/em> the<\/em> rare<\/em> earth<\/em> metal<\/em> indium<\/em> in<\/em> the<\/em> future;<\/em> however<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em> scientists<\/em> believe<\/em> that a replacement will be found.<\/em><\/p>\n

There<\/em> may<\/em> be<\/em> a<\/em> shortage<\/em> of<\/em> the<\/em> rare<\/em> earth<\/em> metal<\/em> indium<\/em> in<\/em> the<\/em> future.<\/em> However<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em> scientists<\/em> believe<\/em> that a replacement will be found.<\/em><\/p>\n

For<\/strong> subordinating<\/strong> conjunctions<\/strong>: if the sentence begins with one, use a comma after the subordinating clause. Otherwise, no punctuation is needed.<\/p>\n

Sending<\/em> astronauts<\/em> to<\/em> Mars<\/em> may<\/em> not<\/em> be<\/em> possible<\/em> because<\/em><\/strong> of<\/em> the<\/em> high<\/em> cost<\/em> and<\/em> technical<\/em> challenges.<\/em><\/p>\n

Because<\/em><\/strong> of<\/em> the<\/em> high<\/em> cost<\/em> and<\/em> technical<\/em> challenges,<\/em> it<\/em> may<\/em> not<\/em> be<\/em> possible<\/em> to<\/em> send<\/em> astronauts<\/em> to<\/em> Mars.<\/em><\/p>\n

For<\/strong> coordinating<\/strong> conjunctions<\/strong>: use a comma before the conjunction.<\/p>\n

Tokyo<\/em> was<\/em> awarded<\/em> the<\/em> 2020<\/em> Summer<\/em> Olympic<\/em> Games,<\/em> but<\/em><\/strong> the<\/em> event<\/em> was<\/em> postponed<\/em> to<\/em> 2021<\/em> due<\/em> to<\/em> the pandemic.<\/em><\/p>\n

Vocabulary Building:<\/span><\/h2>\n

Throughout this course, you study academic vocabulary from the Kyodai 1110 Database<\/em>. To build your vocabulary, examine how words from the Kyodai list are used in the model essays. Try to use words from the academic vocabulary list as you write essays.<\/p>\n

Stories and the Brain<\/strong> (Chapter 5): 18 words <\/strong>from the Kyodai 1110\u00a0 <\/em>list are used in the model essay<\/p>\n

crucial (146), culture (36), specify (136), efficacy (259), convey (397), resonance (370), significant (6), phenomenon (42), occur(ence) (173), synchrony (373), disruption (314), correspond (24), demonstrate (19), trigger (143), synthesis (182), reciprocity (438), subsequently (166), tolerance (341)<\/p>\n

Single-Use Plastic<\/strong> (Chapter 9):<\/a> 16<\/strong> words<\/strong> from the Kyodai<\/em> 1110<\/em> list are used in the model essay<\/p>\n

distribution (10), reliable (255), expose (120), furthermore (65), quantity (210), prominent (212), fragment (177), definition (29), potential (12), mitigate (450), significant (6), broaden (91), commitment (176), resolution (84), efficacy (259), analytical (209)<\/p>\n

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