{"id":106,"date":"2026-05-05T23:54:21","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T03:54:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/essaywriting\/chapter\/chapter-8-citations-paraphrase\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T00:46:08","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T04:46:08","slug":"chapter-8-citations-paraphrase","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/academicwriting_1\/chapter\/chapter-8-citations-paraphrase\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 8: Citations & Paraphrase","rendered":"Chapter 8: Citations & Paraphrase"},"content":{"raw":"
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\r\n\r\nWhat you will do in this chapter:\r\n\r\n1. Review your essay outline with classmates<\/em>\r\n2. Learn how to use information from sources<\/em>\r\n3. Learn some common paraphrase techniques<\/em>\r\n4. Learn basic citation and referencing (APA format)<\/em>\r\n5. Write a brief essay (an introduction, a body paragraph and conclusion)<\/em>\r\n6. Practice proofreading your writing<\/em>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Review It!<\/em><\/h1>\r\nExercise 1: Explain your essay outline to classmates. If classmates have difficulty understanding some parts, revise your plan.<\/em><\/strong>\r\n
\r\n

Learn It!<\/em><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n
\r\n\r\nUsing Information Sources: Paraphrase and Citation<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDeveloping unity in writing requires you to make choices about what information you will include. To develop unity for an essay, you need to decide on a specific topic, and then when you read sources carefully select information that connects directly to your specific topic. Once you select the information, you will need to either paraphrase or quote it. For information from outside sources, you must insert a citation in the text of your essay.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nExercise 2: Talk to a classmate and paraphrase these proverbs. Try to explain the meaning in English.<\/strong><\/em>\r\n

I think one way to paraphrase \" ..........\" is ... What's your idea?<\/em><\/p>\r\na. Kill two birds with one stone.\r\nb. The nail that sticks up gets hammered down.\r\nc. Even monkeys fall from trees.\r\nd. Good medicine has a bitter taste.\r\n\r\ne. Don't cry over spilled milk.\r\n

Paraphrase Techniques<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nBecoming adept at paraphrasing outside sources is one of the most important skills for academic writing. There are a number of techniques writers use to paraphrase text. Below are five of the most common paraphrase techniques presented in isolation. As you review these techniques, think about how you can combine them to paraphrase text you will use in your academic writing. When paraphrasing, it is very important that you do not change the original meaning.\r\n\r\nTechnique 1<\/em>: Change words (synonyms)\r\n

Original:<\/em> The eagle suddenly disappeared into the forest.<\/p>\r\n

Paraphrase:<\/em> The big bird* vanished into the trees.<\/p>\r\n*Note: Check that the choice of synonyms does not change the original meaning.\r\n\r\nTechnique 2:<\/em> Change voice (active <\u2013> passive)\r\n

Original:<\/em> The city of Tokyo was destroyed by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923.<\/p>\r\n

Paraphrase:<\/em> The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake devastated Tokyo.<\/p>\r\nTechnique 3:<\/em> Change parts of speech (e.g., nouns <\u2013> verbs)\r\n

Original:<\/em> The choice of Professor Maeno for the award was based on the excellent evaluation of his research.<\/p>\r\n

Paraphrase:<\/em> Professor Maeno was the researcher chosen to receive the award because his work was evaluated so highly.<\/p>\r\nTechnique 4:<\/em> Change structure (move words\/phrases)\r\n

Original:<\/em> Last Monday, students had to wait until 12 p.m. to access the PandA system.\r\nParaphrase:<\/em> To access the PandA system last Monday, students had to wait until 12 p.m.<\/p>\r\nTechnique 5:<\/em> Combine sentences**\r\n\r\nOriginal:<\/em> The surf competition took place in Miyazaki. Many surfers live in Miyazaki.\r\n\r\nParaphrase:<\/em> Miyazaki, a prefecture where many surfers reside, is where the surfing tournament was held.\r\n\r\n**Note: It is also common to break up long sentences taken from sources and make them shorter.\r\n

Practice It!<\/em><\/h1>\r\nExercise 3: Combine some of the techniques above to paraphrase the following sentences.<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n1. Original: Sea ice in the Arctic region is now almost 10% below the annual average recorded from 1981 to 2010.\r\n\r\nParaphrase: ___________________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n2. Original: In order to stop the spread of measles, all people should get vaccinated.\r\n\r\nParaphrase: ___________________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n3. Original: Paraphrasing is a skill which university students need to learn. It is a fundamental aspect of academic writing.\r\n\r\nParaphrase: ___________________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n4. Original: The higher education system of the United States is widely admired.\r\n\r\nParaphrase: ___________________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n5. Original: Research seems to show that insects with a celestial compass, such as ants, can determine direction within a couple of degrees of error.\r\n\r\nParaphrase: __________________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n
\r\n

Learn It!<\/em><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n
\r\n

Documenting Information Sources<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nYou must use information sources to supply evidence that supports the main points in your essay. To avoid plagiarism, you need to paraphrase and show which information sources you used to write your essay. There are a number of different documentation systems used in the academic community.\r\n\r\nThis book focuses on the American Psychological Association (APA) format. The APA format is a very comprehensive referencing system widely used in Social Sciences, Education, and Psychology.\r\n\r\nIt is a name-date system which consists of:\r\n\r\n1) the in-text citation (in the text of the essay); and\r\n\r\n2) the reference list (at the end of the paper in alphabetical order).\r\n\r\nAll outside sources need to be included both in the text and the reference list (see p. 61 for more explanation). For more examples of the APA format, see Appendix 4.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

How to document a source in APA (American Psychological Association) style<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\"\"\r\n

In-text Citation Details<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n1. Author\u2019s family name (=surname\/last name), and year of publication: (Smith, 2001).\r\n

With two authors\u2019 names: (Smith & Tanaka, 2001).<\/p>\r\n

With three or more authors\u2019 names: (Smith et al., 2001).<\/p>\r\n

An organization can also be used if there is no author\u2019s name:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

(World Health Organization, 2020).<\/p>\r\n2. If no author or organization<\/strong> is written, an article\/webpage title can be used in quotation marks:\r\n

(\u201cRescue Dogs,\u201d 2017). If the title is too long, it should be shortened to the first word or two*.<\/p>\r\n3. If no year of publication<\/strong> is written, n.d. (=no date) should be used: (Smith, n.d.).\r\n

*Ten tips to reduce your plastic footprint. (n.d.) \u2192 (\u201cTen Tips,\u201d n.d.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n

Practice It!<\/em><\/h1>\r\nExercise 4: Organize the names into an alphabetical list in the box below with family name and initials.<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nExercise 5: Research which documentation format your area of study uses. Compare that format with the examples from the American Psychological Association (APA) format shown above.<\/strong><\/em>\r\n
\r\n

FYI<\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n

Academic Writing Standards at Kyoto University<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nYou may already be aware that plagiarism, the use of others\u2019 ideas or words without proper citation, is not acceptable in the academic community. Kyoto University also takes plagiarism very seriously and will treat cases of plagiarism in the same manner as cases of cheating on examinations. See the following guidelines from the ILAS website (https:\/\/www.z.k.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/zenkyo\/lesson<\/a>) on writing papers to ensure that your assignments meet the university standards.\r\n\r\n1. Clearly differentiate between your opinions and those of others.\r\n2. When quoting, your own work should compose the majority of your paper<\/span>. Quotations* should be a minor part of your paper.\r\n3. When quoting, differentiate the quoted material in an explicit way, such as the use of quotation marks.\r\n4. Quote other\u2019s work exactly the way it was published, including any typographical errors [sic].\r\n5. Cite the source material.\r\n6. Quoted* material must be publicly available. (e.g., Because personal messages obtained over email are not officially published, you must obtain the permission of the author [copyright holder].)\r\n7. Internet quotations* must include the URL, the title of the webpage, and author (if available).\r\n8. Do not write something unrelated to the topic of your paper.\r\n\r\n*Note: This refers to all externally sourced information in your essay, including information you paraphrase.<\/em>\r\n\r\nGuidelines on the use of generative AI in academic assignments\r\n\r\nThe use of generative AI for coursework is at the discretion of each instructor. According to the Guidelines on the Use of Generative AI in Academic Assignments (ILAS, 2024), \u201cAt university, independent learning is essential for students. Relying on generative AI outputs without personal effort to complete assignments goes against this principle and does not foster deeper learning. Therefore, such use of generative AI is generally prohibited.\u201d For more information, go to KULASIS>Liberal Arts and General Education Courses> Home>Download>Guidelines on the Use of Generative AI in Academic Assignments. (KULASIS>\u5168\u5b66\u5171 \u901a\u79d1\u76ee>\u30db\u30fc\u30e0>\u30bf\u3099\u30a6\u30f3\u30ed\u30fc\u30c8\u3099>\u30ec\u30db\u309a\u30fc\u30c8\u7b49\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u751f\u6210 AI \u306e\u5229\u7528\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Write It!<\/em><\/h1>\r\n

Step 4: Type an essay draft<\/h2>\r\nExercise 6: Write a short essay with an introduction paragraph, a body paragraph, and a conclusion paragraph. Be sure to type and format your essay according to your teacher's specifications. See the example essay, Storytelling and the Brain<\/a> for a model.<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n ","rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

What you will do in this chapter:<\/p>\n

1. Review your essay outline with classmates<\/em>
\n2. Learn how to use information from sources<\/em>
\n3. Learn some common paraphrase techniques<\/em>
\n4. Learn basic citation and referencing (APA format)<\/em>
\n5. Write a brief essay (an introduction, a body paragraph and conclusion)<\/em>
\n6. Practice proofreading your writing<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Review It!<\/em><\/h1>\n

Exercise 1: Explain your essay outline to classmates. If classmates have difficulty understanding some parts, revise your plan.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\n

Learn It!<\/em><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
\n

Using Information Sources: Paraphrase and Citation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Developing unity in writing requires you to make choices about what information you will include. To develop unity for an essay, you need to decide on a specific topic, and then when you read sources carefully select information that connects directly to your specific topic. Once you select the information, you will need to either paraphrase or quote it. For information from outside sources, you must insert a citation in the text of your essay.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Exercise 2: Talk to a classmate and paraphrase these proverbs. Try to explain the meaning in English.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

I think one way to paraphrase ” ……….” is … What’s your idea?<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Kill two birds with one stone.
\nb. The nail that sticks up gets hammered down.
\nc. Even monkeys fall from trees.
\nd. Good medicine has a bitter taste.<\/p>\n

e. Don’t cry over spilled milk.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase Techniques<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Becoming adept at paraphrasing outside sources is one of the most important skills for academic writing. There are a number of techniques writers use to paraphrase text. Below are five of the most common paraphrase techniques presented in isolation. As you review these techniques, think about how you can combine them to paraphrase text you will use in your academic writing. When paraphrasing, it is very important that you do not change the original meaning.<\/p>\n

Technique 1<\/em>: Change words (synonyms)<\/p>\n

Original:<\/em> The eagle suddenly disappeared into the forest.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase:<\/em> The big bird* vanished into the trees.<\/p>\n

*Note: Check that the choice of synonyms does not change the original meaning.<\/p>\n

Technique 2:<\/em> Change voice (active <\u2013> passive)<\/p>\n

Original:<\/em> The city of Tokyo was destroyed by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase:<\/em> The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake devastated Tokyo.<\/p>\n

Technique 3:<\/em> Change parts of speech (e.g., nouns <\u2013> verbs)<\/p>\n

Original:<\/em> The choice of Professor Maeno for the award was based on the excellent evaluation of his research.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase:<\/em> Professor Maeno was the researcher chosen to receive the award because his work was evaluated so highly.<\/p>\n

Technique 4:<\/em> Change structure (move words\/phrases)<\/p>\n

Original:<\/em> Last Monday, students had to wait until 12 p.m. to access the PandA system.
\nParaphrase:<\/em> To access the PandA system last Monday, students had to wait until 12 p.m.<\/p>\n

Technique 5:<\/em> Combine sentences**<\/p>\n

Original:<\/em> The surf competition took place in Miyazaki. Many surfers live in Miyazaki.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase:<\/em> Miyazaki, a prefecture where many surfers reside, is where the surfing tournament was held.<\/p>\n

**Note: It is also common to break up long sentences taken from sources and make them shorter.<\/p>\n

Practice It!<\/em><\/h1>\n

Exercise 3: Combine some of the techniques above to paraphrase the following sentences.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Original: Sea ice in the Arctic region is now almost 10% below the annual average recorded from 1981 to 2010.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase: ___________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

2. Original: In order to stop the spread of measles, all people should get vaccinated.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase: ___________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

3. Original: Paraphrasing is a skill which university students need to learn. It is a fundamental aspect of academic writing.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase: ___________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

4. Original: The higher education system of the United States is widely admired.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase: ___________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

5. Original: Research seems to show that insects with a celestial compass, such as ants, can determine direction within a couple of degrees of error.<\/p>\n

Paraphrase: __________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n

Learn It!<\/em><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
\n

Documenting Information Sources<\/strong><\/h2>\n

You must use information sources to supply evidence that supports the main points in your essay. To avoid plagiarism, you need to paraphrase and show which information sources you used to write your essay. There are a number of different documentation systems used in the academic community.<\/p>\n

This book focuses on the American Psychological Association (APA) format. The APA format is a very comprehensive referencing system widely used in Social Sciences, Education, and Psychology.<\/p>\n

It is a name-date system which consists of:<\/p>\n

1) the in-text citation (in the text of the essay); and<\/p>\n

2) the reference list (at the end of the paper in alphabetical order).<\/p>\n

All outside sources need to be included both in the text and the reference list (see p. 61 for more explanation). For more examples of the APA format, see Appendix 4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

How to document a source in APA (American Psychological Association) style<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In-text Citation Details<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1. Author\u2019s family name (=surname\/last name), and year of publication: (Smith, 2001).<\/p>\n

With two authors\u2019 names: (Smith & Tanaka, 2001).<\/p>\n

With three or more authors\u2019 names: (Smith et al., 2001).<\/p>\n

An organization can also be used if there is no author\u2019s name:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(World Health Organization, 2020).<\/p>\n

2. If no author or organization<\/strong> is written, an article\/webpage title can be used in quotation marks:<\/p>\n

(\u201cRescue Dogs,\u201d 2017). If the title is too long, it should be shortened to the first word or two*.<\/p>\n

3. If no year of publication<\/strong> is written, n.d. (=no date) should be used: (Smith, n.d.).<\/p>\n

*Ten tips to reduce your plastic footprint. (n.d.) \u2192 (\u201cTen Tips,\u201d n.d.)<\/p>\n

\n

Practice It!<\/em><\/h1>\n

Exercise 4: Organize the names into an alphabetical list in the box below with family name and initials.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Exercise 5: Research which documentation format your area of study uses. Compare that format with the examples from the American Psychological Association (APA) format shown above.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\n
\n

FYI<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

Academic Writing Standards at Kyoto University<\/strong><\/h2>\n

You may already be aware that plagiarism, the use of others\u2019 ideas or words without proper citation, is not acceptable in the academic community. Kyoto University also takes plagiarism very seriously and will treat cases of plagiarism in the same manner as cases of cheating on examinations. See the following guidelines from the ILAS website (https:\/\/www.z.k.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/zenkyo\/lesson<\/a>) on writing papers to ensure that your assignments meet the university standards.<\/p>\n

1. Clearly differentiate between your opinions and those of others.
\n2. When quoting, your own work should compose the majority of your paper<\/span>. Quotations* should be a minor part of your paper.
\n3. When quoting, differentiate the quoted material in an explicit way, such as the use of quotation marks.
\n4. Quote other\u2019s work exactly the way it was published, including any typographical errors [sic].
\n5. Cite the source material.
\n6. Quoted* material must be publicly available. (e.g., Because personal messages obtained over email are not officially published, you must obtain the permission of the author [copyright holder].)
\n7. Internet quotations* must include the URL, the title of the webpage, and author (if available).
\n8. Do not write something unrelated to the topic of your paper.<\/p>\n

*Note: This refers to all externally sourced information in your essay, including information you paraphrase.<\/em><\/p>\n

Guidelines on the use of generative AI in academic assignments<\/p>\n

The use of generative AI for coursework is at the discretion of each instructor. According to the Guidelines on the Use of Generative AI in Academic Assignments (ILAS, 2024), \u201cAt university, independent learning is essential for students. Relying on generative AI outputs without personal effort to complete assignments goes against this principle and does not foster deeper learning. Therefore, such use of generative AI is generally prohibited.\u201d For more information, go to KULASIS>Liberal Arts and General Education Courses> Home>Download>Guidelines on the Use of Generative AI in Academic Assignments. (KULASIS>\u5168\u5b66\u5171 \u901a\u79d1\u76ee>\u30db\u30fc\u30e0>\u30bf\u3099\u30a6\u30f3\u30ed\u30fc\u30c8\u3099>\u30ec\u30db\u309a\u30fc\u30c8\u7b49\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u751f\u6210 AI \u306e\u5229\u7528\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Write It!<\/em><\/h1>\n

Step 4: Type an essay draft<\/h2>\n

Exercise 6: Write a short essay with an introduction paragraph, a body paragraph, and a conclusion paragraph. Be sure to type and format your essay according to your teacher’s specifications. See the example essay, Storytelling and the Brain<\/a> for a model.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

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