{"id":61,"date":"2019-05-31T23:14:16","date_gmt":"2019-06-01T03:14:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/chapter\/grammar-lesson-apostrophes-possessive-s\/"},"modified":"2025-04-14T08:08:00","modified_gmt":"2025-04-14T12:08:00","slug":"grammar-lesson-apostrophes-possessive-s","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/chapter\/grammar-lesson-apostrophes-possessive-s\/","title":{"raw":"Grammar Lesson - Apostrophes\/Possessive S","rendered":"Grammar Lesson &#8211; Apostrophes\/Possessive S"},"content":{"raw":"<p style=\"text-align: left\">There are two main ways to show ownership in writing: using a <strong>possessive apostrophe<\/strong>\u00a0or using a <strong>possessive pronoun<\/strong>. This section will define and provide examples of each.<\/p>\n\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Possessive Apostrophes<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 40px\">Apostrophes are signals telling the reader that a word is either possessive or a contraction. As a technical communicator, it's important to understand the difference between the two. Apostrophes are used to form <strong>contractions<\/strong> to indicate <strong>omitted letters<\/strong>, such as could<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>n't<\/strong><\/span> (the apostrophe indicates the missing letter <em>o <\/em>). Apostrophes are also used to signal <strong>omitted numbers<\/strong>, such as <em>The <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>'<\/strong><\/span>80s<\/em> (the apostrophe indicates the missing numbers 19). But this has nothing to do with apostrophes used to show possession.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 40px\">To use an apostrophe to show ownership, you simply add <strong><em>apostrophe s<\/em><\/strong> or <strong><em>s apostrophe<\/em><\/strong> to a noun, depending on whether it's singular or plural.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>Singular Possessive Apostrophe<\/strong>: to indicate singular ownership, add <strong><em>apostrophe s<\/em><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>EXAMPLES<\/strong><\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>The car<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0new tires were next to John<span style=\"color: #000000;background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0workstation.\u00a0(there is only one car and one John, so we simply add an <strong>apostrophe s<\/strong> to indicate singular ownership).<\/li>\n \t<li>The woman<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span> home needed refurnishing, so she used last week<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 pay to go furniture shopping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>Plural Possessive Apostrophe<\/strong>: to indicate plural ownership, add <strong><em>s <\/em>apostrophe<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>EXAMPLES<\/strong><\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>The cars<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019 <\/span><\/strong><\/span>new tires were stacked up next to the mechanics<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0workstations (in this case there is more than one car and more than one mechanic, so we would use <strong><em>s<\/em> apostrophe<\/strong>).<\/li>\n \t<li>The roommates<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0house needed repairs, so they all agreed to use some of the extra months<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0rent money they'd saved to go furniture shopping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>Joint and Individual Ownership: <\/strong>to show joint ownership, only the last noun\/name has the <em>apostrophe s<\/em>. To show individual ownership, each noun\/name has an apostrophe <em>s<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #008000\">EXAMPLES<\/span>: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Joint<\/strong>: Mary, Beth, Phil, and Bill<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #993300;background-color: #ffff00\">\u00a0<\/span>house.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Individual<\/strong>: Mary<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><\/span>, Beth<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">,<\/span><\/span> Phil<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">,<\/span><\/span> and Bill<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0houses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>Nouns Ending is <em>S<\/em>: <\/strong>When making a <strong>possessive of a singular noun that already ends in <em>s<\/em><\/strong><em>,<\/em> writers can make the possessive by adding <strong><em>\u2019s<\/em><\/strong> to the word; however, some writers and editors argue that there's no need to include an <strong><em>s<\/em><\/strong> after the apostrophe, since the apostrophe already tells readers that the word is possessive. Others argue that you should drop the final <em>s<\/em> only on words of several syllables but retain it on short words. Since there is no agreement on this, must make your own choice. Regardless of which option you choose, <strong>be consistent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">EXAMPLES<\/span>: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong>Table 2 <\/strong>shows three proper nouns that end in <em>s<\/em>, each of which is correct:<\/p>\n\n<div align=\"center\">\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 90%\"><caption>TABLE 2: Proper Nouns Ending in\u00a0<em>S<\/em><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"shaded\" style=\"height: 29px\">\n<td style=\"width: 182.5px;height: 29px;text-align: center\"><strong>NAME<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 215.227px;height: 29px;text-align: center\"><strong>APOSTROPHE <em>S<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.318px;height: 29px;text-align: center\"><strong><em>S<\/em> APOSTROPHE<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 29px\">\n<td style=\"width: 182.5px;height: 29px;text-align: center\">James<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 215.227px;height: 29px;text-align: center\">James<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.318px;height: 29px;text-align: center\">James<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29px\">\n<td style=\"width: 182.5px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jones<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 215.227px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jones<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.318px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jones<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29px\">\n<td style=\"width: 182.5px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jesus<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 215.227px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jesus<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.318px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jesus<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>*NOTE<\/strong>: There are irregular nouns like fish (one fish, two fish) and goose (one goose, two geese), but we won't worry about those right now.<\/p>\n\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Possessive Pronouns<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Pronouns, such as <em>him, her, they<\/em>, and <em>them<\/em> are stand-ins for proper nouns; in other words, they refer to someone or something specific without using the proper noun or name. <strong>Possessive pronouns show ownership<\/strong>. Some are used alone, while others are used to modify or describe a noun.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong>Used alone<\/strong>: <em>mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, whose\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/span>: That computer is <strong>hers<\/strong>. That car is <strong>mine<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong>Used as modifier<\/strong>: <em>my, your, his, her, its, ours, their, whose<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/span>: That is <strong>her<\/strong> computer. The car needs <strong>its<\/strong> clutch replaced.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 80px\">*Note that\u00a0<strong>none<\/strong> of the possessive pronouns uses an apostrophe to show ownership. Pay extra attention to your use of possessive pronouns, as several of them sound like some commonly-used contractions. For example, watch your use of the following commonly confused possessive pronouns and contractions: <strong>Your<\/strong>\/<strong>You're<\/strong>, <strong>Its<\/strong>\/<strong>It's<\/strong>, <strong>Their<\/strong>\/<strong>They're<\/strong>, and <strong>Whose<\/strong>\/<strong>Who's<\/strong>.<\/p>\n&nbsp;\n<h3><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>Additional Resources<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li>\"<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-professionalcommunication\/chapter\/module-6_rules-of-writing_lecture-2\/\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Basic Rules of Punctuation<\/strong><\/span><\/a>,\" a resource on general punctuation rules from <em>Professional Communication<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-professionalcommunication\/chapter\/basic-rules-of-editing-pennstate-university-2\/\"><b>Apostrophes<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/span>\" from OER Service's <em>Technical Writing<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"box generalbox center clearfix py-3\"><\/div>","rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left\">There are two main ways to show ownership in writing: using a <strong>possessive apostrophe<\/strong>\u00a0or using a <strong>possessive pronoun<\/strong>. This section will define and provide examples of each.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Possessive Apostrophes<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 40px\">Apostrophes are signals telling the reader that a word is either possessive or a contraction. As a technical communicator, it&#8217;s important to understand the difference between the two. Apostrophes are used to form <strong>contractions<\/strong> to indicate <strong>omitted letters<\/strong>, such as could<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>n&#8217;t<\/strong><\/span> (the apostrophe indicates the missing letter <em>o <\/em>). Apostrophes are also used to signal <strong>omitted numbers<\/strong>, such as <em>The <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>&#8216;<\/strong><\/span>80s<\/em> (the apostrophe indicates the missing numbers 19). But this has nothing to do with apostrophes used to show possession.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 40px\">To use an apostrophe to show ownership, you simply add <strong><em>apostrophe s<\/em><\/strong> or <strong><em>s apostrophe<\/em><\/strong> to a noun, depending on whether it&#8217;s singular or plural.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>Singular Possessive Apostrophe<\/strong>: to indicate singular ownership, add <strong><em>apostrophe s<\/em><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>EXAMPLES<\/strong><\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>The car<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0new tires were next to John<span style=\"color: #000000;background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0workstation.\u00a0(there is only one car and one John, so we simply add an <strong>apostrophe s<\/strong> to indicate singular ownership).<\/li>\n<li>The woman<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span> home needed refurnishing, so she used last week<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 pay to go furniture shopping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>Plural Possessive Apostrophe<\/strong>: to indicate plural ownership, add <strong><em>s <\/em>apostrophe<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>EXAMPLES<\/strong><\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>The cars<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019 <\/span><\/strong><\/span>new tires were stacked up next to the mechanics<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0workstations (in this case there is more than one car and more than one mechanic, so we would use <strong><em>s<\/em> apostrophe<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>The roommates<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0house needed repairs, so they all agreed to use some of the extra months<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0rent money they&#8217;d saved to go furniture shopping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>Joint and Individual Ownership: <\/strong>to show joint ownership, only the last noun\/name has the <em>apostrophe s<\/em>. To show individual ownership, each noun\/name has an apostrophe <em>s<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #008000\">EXAMPLES<\/span>: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Joint<\/strong>: Mary, Beth, Phil, and Bill<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #993300;background-color: #ffff00\">\u00a0<\/span>house.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Individual<\/strong>: Mary<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><\/span>, Beth<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">,<\/span><\/span> Phil<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">,<\/span><\/span> and Bill<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0houses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>Nouns Ending is <em>S<\/em>: <\/strong>When making a <strong>possessive of a singular noun that already ends in <em>s<\/em><\/strong><em>,<\/em> writers can make the possessive by adding <strong><em>\u2019s<\/em><\/strong> to the word; however, some writers and editors argue that there&#8217;s no need to include an <strong><em>s<\/em><\/strong> after the apostrophe, since the apostrophe already tells readers that the word is possessive. Others argue that you should drop the final <em>s<\/em> only on words of several syllables but retain it on short words. Since there is no agreement on this, must make your own choice. Regardless of which option you choose, <strong>be consistent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">EXAMPLES<\/span>: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong>Table 2 <\/strong>shows three proper nouns that end in <em>s<\/em>, each of which is correct:<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 90%\">\n<caption>TABLE 2: Proper Nouns Ending in\u00a0<em>S<\/em><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"shaded\" style=\"height: 29px\">\n<td style=\"width: 182.5px;height: 29px;text-align: center\"><strong>NAME<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 215.227px;height: 29px;text-align: center\"><strong>APOSTROPHE <em>S<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.318px;height: 29px;text-align: center\"><strong><em>S<\/em> APOSTROPHE<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 29px\">\n<td style=\"width: 182.5px;height: 29px;text-align: center\">James<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 215.227px;height: 29px;text-align: center\">James<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.318px;height: 29px;text-align: center\">James<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29px\">\n<td style=\"width: 182.5px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jones<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 215.227px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jones<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.318px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jones<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29px\">\n<td style=\"width: 182.5px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jesus<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 215.227px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jesus<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019s<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.318px;text-align: center;height: 29px\">Jesus<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>*NOTE<\/strong>: There are irregular nouns like fish (one fish, two fish) and goose (one goose, two geese), but we won&#8217;t worry about those right now.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Possessive Pronouns<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Pronouns, such as <em>him, her, they<\/em>, and <em>them<\/em> are stand-ins for proper nouns; in other words, they refer to someone or something specific without using the proper noun or name. <strong>Possessive pronouns show ownership<\/strong>. Some are used alone, while others are used to modify or describe a noun.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong>Used alone<\/strong>: <em>mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, whose\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/span>: That computer is <strong>hers<\/strong>. That car is <strong>mine<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><strong>Used as modifier<\/strong>: <em>my, your, his, her, its, ours, their, whose<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/span>: That is <strong>her<\/strong> computer. The car needs <strong>its<\/strong> clutch replaced.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 80px\">*Note that\u00a0<strong>none<\/strong> of the possessive pronouns uses an apostrophe to show ownership. Pay extra attention to your use of possessive pronouns, as several of them sound like some commonly-used contractions. For example, watch your use of the following commonly confused possessive pronouns and contractions: <strong>Your<\/strong>\/<strong>You&#8217;re<\/strong>, <strong>Its<\/strong>\/<strong>It&#8217;s<\/strong>, <strong>Their<\/strong>\/<strong>They&#8217;re<\/strong>, and <strong>Whose<\/strong>\/<strong>Who&#8217;s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>Additional Resources<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-professionalcommunication\/chapter\/module-6_rules-of-writing_lecture-2\/\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Basic Rules of Punctuation<\/strong><\/span><\/a>,&#8221; a resource on general punctuation rules from <em>Professional Communication<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">&#8220;<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-professionalcommunication\/chapter\/basic-rules-of-editing-pennstate-university-2\/\"><b>Apostrophes<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/span>&#8221; from OER Service&#8217;s <em>Technical Writing<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"box generalbox center clearfix py-3\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-61","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":54,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/61","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/61\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62,"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/61\/revisions\/62"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/54"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/61\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=61"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=61"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openstudio.pub\/techwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=61"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}